ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes a contagious disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It began spreading globally in 2019 and is still producing pandemics today. Different COVID-19 vaccinations offer protection against this illness. Pfizer-BioNTech and Sinopharm were the two vaccine manufacturers with the highest usage in Iraq. Both vaccines use a different method to activate the immune system. This study seeks to compare the IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 levels in those who received either the Sinopharm or the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. IL-22, IL-37, IL-38 levels have been shown to be upregulated in COVID-19 patients. In this study, IL-22, IL-37, and IL -38 levels were tested in 80 healthy controls and 100 COVID-19 patients 14-21 days after recovery. Additionally, people who received the Sinopharm or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (50 each) were monitored 21 days after the first dosage and 21 days after the second dose. In comparison to controls, serum levels were noticeably higher in recovered patients. Except for the first dosage of Pfizer BioNTech, the first and second doses of Sinopharm and Pfizer BioNTech were linked to considerably higher levels of IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 compared to controls or recovered patients. where IL-22, IL -37, and IL-38 levels did not show significant differences compared to recovered patients. In conclusion, lower IL-37 and IL-38 molecule levels were linked to recovery from COVID-19, although these levels remained considerably greater in recovered patients compared to uninfected controls. Vaccination with Sinopharm or Pfizer-BioNTech confirmed the up-regulating effects of SARS-CoV-2 on IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 levels.
ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes a contagious disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It began spreading globally in 2019 and is still producing pandemics today. Different COVID-19 vaccinations offer protection against this illness. Pfizer-BioNTech and Sinopharm were the two vaccine manufacturers with the highest usage in Iraq. Both vaccines use a different method to activate the immune system. This study seeks to compare the IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 levels in those who received either the Sinopharm or the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. IL-22, IL-37, IL-38 levels have been shown to be upregulated in COVID-19 patients. In this study, IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 levels were tested in 80 healthy controls and 100 COVID-19 patients 14-21 days after recovery. Additionally, people who received the Sinopharm or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (50 each) were monitored 21 days after the first dosage and 21 days after the second dose. In comparison to controls, serum levels were noticeably higher in recovered patients. Except for the first dosage of Pfizer BioNTech, the first and second doses of Sinopharm and Pfizer BioNTech were linked to considerably higher levels of IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 compared to controls or recovered patients. where IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 levels did not show significant differences compared to recovered patients. In conclusion, lower IL-37 and IL-38 molecule levels were linked to recovery from COVID-19, although these levels remained considerably greater in recovered patients compared to uninfected controls. Vaccination with Sinopharm or Pfizer-BioNTech confirmed the up-regulating effects of SARS-CoV-2 on IL-22, IL-37, and IL-38 levels.Copyright © 2023, Codon Publications. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: Vaccine development against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is vital for pandemic containment. Reluctance or fear of taking the vaccine is a significant impediment to achieving full population immunity coverage. Medical students' knowledge and education about vaccination are essential, as they will serve as healthcare providers. Objective(s): This study aimed to verify the major factors and barriers affecting vaccine acceptance. Material(s) and Method(s): A cross-sectional study was carried out in four of the main medical universities in the middle of Iraq. The survey was achieved via an online questionnaire in December 2021 from 638 medical students. Result(s): Out of 4500 medical students, there were 638 participant respondents to the survey with a response rate of 14.2%. The main factor affecting vaccine acceptance is the probability of getting infected. The vaccination rate was significantly higher in those vulnerable to infections (pvalue = 0.03). Most students (50.3%) believe that the vaccine was safe, and the vaccination rate was statistically significant in those groups (p-value = 0.0001). About 46.2% of the students believe that the vaccine is effective against the infection of COVID-19 (p-value = 0.0001), 44.8% of students were sure that the vaccine did not have major complications (p-value = 0.00001), and 41% (n = 262) of participants thought that the immunity acquired after SARS-CoV-2 infection is better than the immunity acquired by vaccination (p-value = 0.00001). Conclusion(s): Vaccine efficacy and beliefs in immunity following COVID-19 were the most influential factors in vaccine intake. The concept of vaccination is widely accepted among medical students, and there is raised awareness about how important to get vaccinated.